{"id":880,"date":"2011-02-07T17:27:08","date_gmt":"2011-02-07T16:27:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/?p=880"},"modified":"2022-12-24T21:33:56","modified_gmt":"2022-12-24T20:33:56","slug":"photographie-de-synthese-et-architecture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/photographie-de-synthese-et-architecture\/","title":{"rendered":"Photographie de synth\u00e8se et architecture"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee;color:#eeeeee\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><em><a title=\"photographie:synthesis photography and architecture\" rel=\"self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/synthesis-photography-and-architecture\/\">Click the link to read the english translation<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee;color:#eeeeee\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Du 1er au 3 f\u00e9vrier 2011 c&rsquo;est tenu \u00e0 Monaco l&rsquo;\u00e9v\u00e9nement europ\u00e9en pour la simulation et la visualisation 3D: <a title=\"le site d'imagina 2011\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imagina\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Imagina<\/a>. \u00c0 cette occasion, j&rsquo;ai eu l&rsquo;opportunit\u00e9 de faire une intervention le premier jour lors de la session consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;architecture. Ma conf\u00e9rence \u00e9tait accompagn\u00e9e de quelques dizaines d&rsquo;images et animations. \u00c0 la suite de mon intervention un court d\u00e9bat a eu lieu dans la salle sur la probl\u00e9matique du photor\u00e9alisme dans la repr\u00e9sentation graphique de l&rsquo;architecture avec notamment <a title=\"le site de fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric genin\" href=\"http:\/\/archmonaco.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Genin<\/a>, architecte et animateur de la session et <a title=\"le site de bernard reichen et philippe robert\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reichen-robert.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Bernard Reichen<\/a>, architecte, urbaniste et \u00ab\u00a0grand t\u00e9moin\u00a0\u00bb de la session.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"foogallery foogallery-container foogallery-thumbnail foogallery-single-thumbnail foogallery-lightbox-foobox fg-left fg-thumbnail fg-ready fg-light fg-loading-default fg-loaded-fade-in fg-caption-hover fg-hover-fade fg-hover-zoom\" id=\"foogallery-gallery-879\" data-foogallery=\"{&quot;item&quot;:{&quot;showCaptionTitle&quot;:true,&quot;showCaptionDescription&quot;:true},&quot;lazy&quot;:true}\" style=\"--fg-title-line-clamp: 0; --fg-description-line-clamp: 0;\" >\n    <div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-00.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 00\" data-attachment-id=\"809\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 00\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-00\/3627158283.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Photographie de synth\u00e8se et architecture<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div>        <div class=\"fg-st-hidden\">\n        <div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-01.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 01\" data-attachment-id=\"810\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 01\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-01\/2411394791.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 01<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-02.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 02\" data-attachment-id=\"811\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 02\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-02\/526039034.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 02<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-03.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 03\" data-attachment-id=\"812\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 03\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-03\/4047600742.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 03<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-04.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 04\" data-attachment-id=\"813\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 04\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-04\/3857396609.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 04<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-05.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 05\" data-attachment-id=\"814\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 05\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-05\/1917707237.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 05<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-06.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 06\" data-attachment-id=\"815\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 06\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-06\/3803030264.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 06<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-07.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 07\" data-attachment-id=\"816\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 07\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-07\/213281124.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 07<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-08.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 08\" data-attachment-id=\"817\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 08\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-08\/3422108982.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 08<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-09.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 09\" data-attachment-id=\"818\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 09\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-09\/2938493602.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 09<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-10.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 10\" data-attachment-id=\"819\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 10\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-10\/3112080180.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 10<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-11.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 11\" data-attachment-id=\"820\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 11\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-11\/1995256387.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 11<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-12.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 12\" data-attachment-id=\"821\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 12\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-12\/3859641182.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 12<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-13.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 13\" data-attachment-id=\"822\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 13\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-13\/135706818.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 13<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-14.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 14\" data-attachment-id=\"823\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 14\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-14\/482146085.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 14<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-14b-11.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 11\" data-attachment-id=\"824\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 11\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-14b-11\/3073303398.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 11<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-15.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 15\" data-attachment-id=\"825\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 15\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-15\/2507497919.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 15<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-16.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 16\" data-attachment-id=\"826\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 16\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-16\/961260894.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 16<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-17.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 17\" data-attachment-id=\"827\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 17\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-17\/3952012094.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 17<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-18.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 18\" data-attachment-id=\"828\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 18\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-18\/2597854872.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 18<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-19.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 19\" data-attachment-id=\"829\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 19\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-19\/1209882872.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 19<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-20.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 20\" data-attachment-id=\"830\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 20\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-20\/3654401605.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 20<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-21.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 21\" data-attachment-id=\"831\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 21\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-21\/185923621.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 21<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-22.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 22\" data-attachment-id=\"832\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 22\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-22\/2804561092.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 22<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-23.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 23\" data-attachment-id=\"833\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 23\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-23\/1978626724.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 23<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-24.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 24\" data-attachment-id=\"834\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 24\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-24\/606513991.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 24<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-25.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 25\" data-attachment-id=\"835\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 25\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-25\/4142132519.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 25<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-26.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 26\" data-attachment-id=\"836\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 26\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-26\/1524441542.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 26<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-27.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 27\" data-attachment-id=\"837\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 27\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-27\/2283300774.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 27<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-28.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 28\" data-attachment-id=\"838\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 28\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-28\/4182675968.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 28<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-29.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 29\" data-attachment-id=\"839\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 29\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-29\/730584160.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 29<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-30.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 30\" data-attachment-id=\"840\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 30\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-30\/2476326356.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 30<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-31.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 31\" data-attachment-id=\"841\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 31\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-31\/1096612788.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 31<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-32.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 32\" data-attachment-id=\"842\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 32\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-32\/3982636885.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 32<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-33.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 33\" data-attachment-id=\"843\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 33\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-33\/1067938101.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 33<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-34.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 34\" data-attachment-id=\"844\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 34\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-34\/1852745942.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 34<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-35.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 35\" data-attachment-id=\"845\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 35\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-35\/3165384374.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 35<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-36.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 36\" data-attachment-id=\"846\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 36\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-36\/278209111.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 36<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-37.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 37\" data-attachment-id=\"847\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 37\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-37\/3260048439.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 37<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-38.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 38\" data-attachment-id=\"848\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 38\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-38\/3003552145.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 38<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-39.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 39\" data-attachment-id=\"849\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 39\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-39\/1640224753.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 39<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-40.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 40\" data-attachment-id=\"850\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 40\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-40\/2917359680.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 40<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-41.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 41\" data-attachment-id=\"851\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 41\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-41\/2133206560.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 41<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-42.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 42\" data-attachment-id=\"852\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 42\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-42\/3541625537.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 42<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-43.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 43\" data-attachment-id=\"853\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 43\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-43\/31304865.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 43<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-44.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 44\" data-attachment-id=\"854\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 44\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-44\/1343518018.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 44<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-45.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 45\" data-attachment-id=\"855\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 45\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-45\/2194748194.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 45<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-46.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 46\" data-attachment-id=\"856\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 46\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-46\/787480515.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 46<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-47.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 47\" data-attachment-id=\"857\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 47\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-47\/4230658467.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 47<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-48.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 48\" data-attachment-id=\"858\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 48\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-48\/2373733381.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 48<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-48b-40.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 40\" data-attachment-id=\"859\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 40\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-48b-40\/1868337846.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 40<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-49.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 49\" data-attachment-id=\"860\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 49\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-49\/1551936396.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 49<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-50.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 50\" data-attachment-id=\"861\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 50\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-50\/1255924250.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 50<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-51.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 51\" data-attachment-id=\"862\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 51\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-51\/2764056966.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 51<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-52.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 52\" data-attachment-id=\"863\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 52\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-52\/874539163.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 52<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-53.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 53\" data-attachment-id=\"864\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 53\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-53\/2743515391.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 53<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-54.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 54\" data-attachment-id=\"865\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 54\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-54\/3073177368.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 54<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-55.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 55\" data-attachment-id=\"866\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 55\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-55\/1496792196.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 55<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-56.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 56\" data-attachment-id=\"867\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 56\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-56\/3386342809.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 56<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-57.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 57\" data-attachment-id=\"868\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 57\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-57\/2903218701.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 57<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-58.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 58\" data-attachment-id=\"869\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 58\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-58\/1782894175.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 58<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-59.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 59\" data-attachment-id=\"870\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 59\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-59\/299896722.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 59<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-60.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 60\" data-attachment-id=\"871\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 60\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-60\/692940418.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 60<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-61.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 61\" data-attachment-id=\"872\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 61\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-61\/3344344350.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 61<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-62.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 62\" data-attachment-id=\"873\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 62\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-62\/1471603715.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 62<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-63.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 63\" data-attachment-id=\"874\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 63\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-63\/3222287463.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 63<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-64.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 64\" data-attachment-id=\"875\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 64\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-64\/3568991104.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 64<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-65.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 65\" data-attachment-id=\"876\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 65\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-65\/983674908.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 65<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-66.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 66\" data-attachment-id=\"877\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 66\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-66\/2856448257.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 66<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Slide-67.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Fig. 67\" data-attachment-id=\"878\" rel=\"lightbox[879]\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Fig. 67\" width=\"280\" height=\"200\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2017\/02\/Slide-67\/3466401429.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22280%22%20height%3D%22200%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20280%20200%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Fig. 67<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Avant-propos<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>En quoi, dans le domaine de la repr\u00e9sentation graphique de l&rsquo;architecture, l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se est en fait de la photographie dans l&rsquo;espace num\u00e9rique? Nous allons voir quelques pistes issues de la pratique photographique notamment pour apporter du sens, un langage \u00e0 cette photographie de synth\u00e8se dans la repr\u00e9sentation graphique de l\u2019architecture. (fig. 00)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Photographie de synth\u00e8se<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>En quoi l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se en architecture est en fait photographie de synth\u00e8se? L\u2019imagerie de synth\u00e8se reprend certains \u00e9l\u00e9ments de la photographie. Comme dans un studio photographique, il y a une sc\u00e8ne (fig. 01) de prise de vue avec: objets (murs, chaises, personnages, etc.); mat\u00e9riaux (couleurs, r\u00e9flectivit\u00e9, transparence, profusion de d\u00e9tails, etc.); lumi\u00e8res (ponctuelle, parall\u00e8le, conique, surfacique, etc.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il y a aussi l&rsquo;appareil photographique ou la cam\u00e9ra (fig. 02), souvent symbolis\u00e9e comme telle dans l\u2019imagerie de synth\u00e8se: bo\u00eetier; objectif; capteur (argentique ou num\u00e9rique), la taille de l&rsquo;image de sortie en imagerie de synth\u00e8se. \u00c0 noter que bo\u00eetier et objectif ne sont pas distingu\u00e9s en imagerie de synth\u00e8se.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Voyons ce qui caract\u00e9rise la photographie sur le plan technique, ou plut\u00f4t quelles sont les limites techniques de la photographie (fig. 03): bo\u00eetier (obturateur (par ex. rideaux), temps d\u2019exposition; d\u00e9centrement\/bascule (tilt\/shift) (rayon lumineux ni centr\u00e9s ni perpendiculaires au capteur)); objectif (lentilles en groupes plus ou moins complexes; longueur focal\/angle de vue; diaphragme (quantit\u00e9 de lumi\u00e8re \u00e0 travers l\u2019objectif)); capteur (grain\/pixel (sensibilit\u00e9)).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Et puis il y a bien s\u00fbr le trin\u00f4me de l&rsquo;exposition (fig. 04), que l&rsquo;on rencontre plus rarement en imagerie de synth\u00e8se, car habituellement peu consid\u00e9r\u00e9 sauf par les photographes: ouverture du diaphragme; temps d&rsquo;exposition (appeler faussement \u00abvitesse\u00bb); sensibilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans l\u2019imagerie de synth\u00e8se on retrouve donc le concept de cam\u00e9ra avec un angle de champ ou angle de vue. Parfois seule la longueur focale est indiqu\u00e9e, or l&rsquo;angle de vue change en fonction du rapport longueur focale\/format du capteur (ou de la taille en pixel de l&rsquo;image calcul\u00e9e) (fig. 05). En fait, seul l&rsquo;angle de champ a une repr\u00e9sentation graphique pertinente; indiquer la focale permet de faire encore plus semblant de manipuler un appareil photographique mais en oubliant qu&rsquo;on ne travaille plus avec un format de capteur 24&#215;36. D\u00e9j\u00e0 qu&rsquo;en photographie il n&rsquo;est plus tr\u00e8s pertinent de travailler par focales, mais en imagerie de synth\u00e8se en plus cela ne facilite pas le travail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On a vu qu&rsquo;on retrouve \u00e9galement en commun la sc\u00e8ne, avec objets, mat\u00e9riaux et lumi\u00e8res. Mais comme on ne peut pas reproduire le monde dans son entier et ses d\u00e9tails, cette fois la sc\u00e8ne en imagerie de synth\u00e8se se limite en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00e0 ce que l&rsquo;on veut photographier sans mettre plus de d\u00e9tails qu&rsquo;il ne faut. En prenant en compte bien s\u00fbr les reflets et les surfaces n\u00e9cessaires aux \u00e9clairages indirects, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire quand les surfaces deviennent elles-m\u00eames sources lumineuses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mais en imagerie de synth\u00e8se les limites techniques de la photographie mat\u00e9rielle dans un monde r\u00e9el n&rsquo;existent pas, alors que ces limites ont cr\u00e9\u00e9 une esth\u00e9tique porteuse de sens. Introduire ces limites dans l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se permettrait d&rsquo;apporter des \u00e9l\u00e9ments de langage dans la photographie de synth\u00e8se. En fait, ce n&rsquo;est pas tout \u00e0 fait vrai, voil\u00e0 longtemps que l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se a introduit l&rsquo;interaction entre lentilles et rayons lumineux avec les halos de flare (fig. 06). Cet aberration optique, qui \u00e9tait \u00e9vit\u00e9e le plus possible dans le monde r\u00e9el car consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme un d\u00e9faut (fig. 07), \u00e9tait dans l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se la preuve d&rsquo;une virtuosit\u00e9 de programmation et un effet tr\u00e8s pris\u00e9, bien que souvent maladroitement, pour donner un effet de r\u00e9el (fig. 08). C\u2019est \u00e0 dire, justement, d&rsquo;utiliser une limite technique de la prise de vue mat\u00e9rielle pour donner l&rsquo;impression que s&rsquo;il y a des halos dus \u00e0 l&rsquo;effet de flare c&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;alors un v\u00e9ritable objectif a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 et donc que c&rsquo;est une image du monde r\u00e9el qui est donn\u00e9e \u00e0 voir. Cet effet de r\u00e9el est m\u00eame pouss\u00e9 \u00e0 son paroxysme dans le film <em><a title=\"star trek chez amazon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/dp\/B0026MT4MU?tag=marcol-21&amp;camp=1414&amp;creative=6410&amp;linkCode=as1&amp;creativeASIN=B0026MT4MU&amp;adid=058Q5WP1BVZAQBR60NC9&amp;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Star Trek<\/a><\/em> de <a title=\"j.j. abrams chez amazon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/gp\/redirect.html?ie=UTF8&amp;location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.fr%2Fs%3Fie%3DUTF8%26search-alias%3Ddvd%26ref%3Ddp_dvd_bl_dir%26field-keywords%3DJ.%2520J.%2520Abrams&amp;tag=marcol-21&amp;linkCode=ur2&amp;camp=1642&amp;creative=19458\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">J. J. Abrams<\/a> (fig. 09): dans pratiquement chaque plan (r\u00e9el ou de synth\u00e8se) il y a des halos de flare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exemple de langage photographique<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Voyons un exemple d&rsquo;une limite technique de la photographie comme initiatrice de sens. Voici une photographie de formule 1 au grand prix de Monaco en 2009 (fig. 10). On sait qu&rsquo;une voiture de ce type va vite, mais il est difficile, dans l&rsquo;image, de lire cette vitesse. Non pas de savoir \u00e0 quelle vitesse elle roule, mais simplement si elle va vite ou pas. Voici une autre image (fig. 11), de <a title=\"jacques henri lartigue chez amazon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/gp\/search?ie=UTF8&amp;keywords=jacques%20henri%20lartigue&amp;tag=marcol-21&amp;index=books&amp;linkCode=ur2&amp;camp=1642&amp;creative=6746\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Jacques Henri Lartigue<\/a>, qui a environ une centaine d&rsquo;ann\u00e9es. Bien qu&rsquo;on ne sait toujours pas \u00e0 quelle vitesse roule cette voiture, quoique elle roule s\u00fbrement moins vite qu&rsquo;une formule 1, on peut lire sur cette image un effet de vitesse. Cette image exprime l&rsquo;id\u00e9e de vitesse. Cette photographie a longtemps \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme rat\u00e9e, pourtant elle est tr\u00e8s expressive et cette expression est du justement \u00e0 une limite de la technologie photographique de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je m&rsquo;explique: l&rsquo;obturateur est \u00e0 rideaux horizontaux. La fente (fig. 12) entre les rideaux qui laisse passer la lumi\u00e8re se d\u00e9place de bas en haut. Pendant le d\u00e9placement des rideaux, la voiture aussi se d\u00e9place, elle va vers la droite (fig. 13). Comme l&rsquo;appareil photographique se d\u00e9place aussi vers la droite, les personnages au fond (fig. 14) semblent se d\u00e9placer vers la gauche. Tous \u00e7a mis ensemble (fig. 11), on a une photographie \u00e0 la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie inhabituelle mais exprimant l&rsquo;id\u00e9e de vitesse. Un autre effet plus connu est le flou de mouvement ou \u00abfil\u00e9\u00bb (fig. 15). Cet effet est ais\u00e9ment r\u00e9alisable en imagerie de synth\u00e8se (fig. 16).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Photor\u00e9alisme<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019un des buts principaux de l\u2019imagerie de synth\u00e8se en architecture (fig. 17) est de reproduire l&rsquo;image d&rsquo;une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 \u00e0 venir. Comme nous n&rsquo;avons de mod\u00e8le de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 principalement que des photographies et qu&rsquo;une sc\u00e8ne est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement construite en fonction des images qui en seront faites, l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se tend non pas au r\u00e9alisme, mais au photor\u00e9alisme. Et comme l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se permet d&rsquo;aller au-del\u00e0 des contraintes de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 (par exemple, il ne pleut jamais spontan\u00e9ment dans un espace num\u00e9rique), cela devient de l&rsquo;hyperr\u00e9alisme, voire de l&rsquo;onirisme. On est pass\u00e9 du r\u00e9el au r\u00eave via la photographie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image de synth\u00e8se<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>On a vu par quelques \u00e9l\u00e9ments (cam\u00e9ra, sc\u00e8ne, flare, photor\u00e9alisme), que l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se et son esth\u00e9tique sont directement inspir\u00e9es de la prise de vue et de l\u2019esth\u00e9tique photographiques. Je veux dire en cela que si l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se tend \u00e0 reproduire les r\u00e8gles physiques et particuli\u00e8rement optiques de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 c&rsquo;est pour cr\u00e9er des images qui semblent \u00eatre des photographies issues du monde r\u00e9el. On recr\u00e9e, approximativement, le monde r\u00e9el dans l&rsquo;espace num\u00e9rique et on en prend des images perspectives r\u00e9alistes, autrement dit des photographies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quand elle n&rsquo;est pas r\u00e9duite au photor\u00e9alisme, l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se se rapproche d&rsquo;une esth\u00e9tique plus sobre, plus sch\u00e9matique. Elle se rapproche du dessin anim\u00e9, du cartoon. Et depuis quelques ann\u00e9es, l&rsquo;industrie cin\u00e9matographique aidant, elle acquiert son esth\u00e9tique propre (cf. <em><a title=\"trilogie toy story chez amazon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/dp\/B0040X3SGG?tag=marcol-21&amp;camp=1414&amp;creative=6410&amp;linkCode=as1&amp;creativeASIN=B0040X3SGG&amp;adid=0SQDA28BB86M6FHAEGYM&amp;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Toy Story<\/a><\/em> (fig. 18), <em><a title=\"final fantasy: les cr\u00e9atures de l'esprit chez amazon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/dp\/B000PMLD3G?tag=marcol-21&amp;camp=1414&amp;creative=6410&amp;linkCode=as1&amp;creativeASIN=B000PMLD3G&amp;adid=17FK3EGP29BE2GCBGFEH&amp;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Final Fantasy<\/a><\/em> (m\u00eame s\u2019il y a la volont\u00e9 affich\u00e9e de r\u00e9alisme, mais en observant bien on y d\u00e9c\u00e8le une esth\u00e9tique propre, et de synth\u00e8se) (fig. 19), <em><a title=\"star wars:the clone wars chez amazon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/dp\/B001EWE4BE?tag=marcol-21&amp;camp=1414&amp;creative=6410&amp;linkCode=as1&amp;creativeASIN=B001EWE4BE&amp;adid=1G0GMZ1WQW6ZWRG5NSZ8&amp;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Clone Wars<\/a><\/em> (fig. 20), <em><a title=\"moi, moche et m\u00e9chant chez amazon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/dp\/B0045Y1JCU?tag=marcol-21&amp;camp=1414&amp;creative=6410&amp;linkCode=as1&amp;creativeASIN=B0045Y1JCU&amp;adid=1VQRX9J4PMTE46DGSZP7&amp;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Moi Moche et M\u00e9chant<\/a><\/em> (d&rsquo;ailleurs nomin\u00e9 pour les Imagina awards)) (fig. 21). On le voit, ce sont des esth\u00e9tiques avec plus ou moins de r\u00e9alisme, mais surtout d\u2019une grande qualit\u00e9 et d\u2019une grande originalit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour revenir au photor\u00e9alisme en repr\u00e9sentation graphique de l&rsquo;architecture, sont \u00e9vit\u00e9es en imagerie de synth\u00e8se les contraintes induites par les limites techniques de la photographie mat\u00e9rielle (par ex. la profondeur de champ). Sont \u00e9galement \u00e9vit\u00e9es les contraintes contextuelles (gravitation (beaucoup d&rsquo;animation ressemble au vol d&rsquo;une mouche), il n&rsquo;y a pas de reflet du photographe dans les miroirs) (fig. 22, animation non disponible), pas d&rsquo;intemp\u00e9ries nuisibles (il fait toujours beau et il n&rsquo;y a plus d&rsquo;ubac, c&rsquo;est \u00e0 dire que le soleil \u00e9claire aussi la face nord)). Avec l\u2019absence de ces contraintes, il est ais\u00e9 de faire de l&rsquo;hyperr\u00e9alisme. Et <em>a fortiori<\/em> des images de r\u00eave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 mon avis cela est particuli\u00e8rement d\u00fb au fait que l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se en architecture est souvent vue comme un objet de marketing qui s&rsquo;inspire de l&rsquo;&nbsp;\u00abentertainment\u00bb cin\u00e9matographique et de la photographie publicitaire. C\u2019est-\u00e0-dire que les effets sp\u00e9ciaux permis par l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se photor\u00e9aliste au cin\u00e9ma permettent de cr\u00e9er des univers fantastiques qui ont toutes les apparences de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9. Nous voil\u00e0 bluff\u00e9s et s\u00e9duits par ces merveilleux films. Et comme le marketing cherche d&rsquo;abord \u00e0 s\u00e9duire, autant faire r\u00eaver en proposant des architectures sublim\u00e9es par l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se; c&rsquo;est plus vendable. Cela produit \u00e0 chaque fois de belles images mais, \u00e0 force, certaines images deviennent aussi banales que des publicit\u00e9s pour de la lessive (fig. 23 \u00e0 fig. 34). L\u2019imagerie de synth\u00e8se n&rsquo;est donc que rarement utilis\u00e9e comme un outil de dialogue ou p\u00e9dagogique mais comme un outil au mieux d&rsquo;\u00e9merveillement, au pire de propagande. <em>A contrario<\/em> vous connaissez peut-\u00eatre le travail du bureau danois d&rsquo;architecture BIG qui a utilis\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re remarquable la vid\u00e9o r\u00e9elle et l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se (fig. 35, <a title=\"bjarke ingels group - the 8 house - \u00e0 voir chez vimeo\" href=\"http:\/\/vimeo.com\/3499612\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">animation<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour revenir aux belles images ensoleill\u00e9es, elles peuvent se comprendre pour un concours d\u2019architecture, o\u00f9 il y a rarement un dialogue entre les concourants et le jury. Ou dans la vente qui promeut des produits par le r\u00eave et la symbolique plut\u00f4t que par la r\u00e9alit\u00e9. Mais l&rsquo;architecture ne me semble pas faite que de concours et de vente, c&rsquo;est le plus souvent un dialogue entre architecte et client, entre architecte et usagers (qu&rsquo;ils soient publics ou priv\u00e9s), bref, entre partenaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On comprend aussi pourquoi la \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.admin.ch\/gov\/fr\/accueil\/documentation\/communiques.msg-id-31504.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">charte d&rsquo;\u00e9thique de la 3D<\/a>\u00bb (fig. 36), sign\u00e9e ici l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e pass\u00e9e, a \u00e9tabli des r\u00e8gles de d\u00e9ontologie visant notamment, je cite, \u00e0 \u00abcr\u00e9er des images de synth\u00e8se ou des sc\u00e8nes tridimensionnelles qui ne soient pas susceptibles d\u2019influencer \u00e0 son insu le d\u00e9cideur, le ma\u00eetre d\u2019ouvrage ou le public\u00bb. On voit par l\u00e0 un certain malaise en effet face aux possibilit\u00e9s de l&rsquo;imagerie qu&rsquo;offre l&rsquo;absence des contraintes mat\u00e9rielles du monde physique de notre r\u00e9alit\u00e9. Il y a clairement une volont\u00e9 de v\u00e9rit\u00e9, du moins de v\u00e9racit\u00e9. Cette question en photographie s&rsquo;est d\u00e9j\u00e0 pos\u00e9e; par exemple, l&rsquo;espace d&rsquo;une salle photographi\u00e9e semble souvent plus grand que la salle elle-m\u00eame vue \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153il nu (fig. 37). Sans parler des illusions optique et spatiale telle la <a title=\"la chambre d'ames chez wikipedia\" rel=\"external noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chambre_d%27Ames\" target=\"_blank\">chambre d\u2019Ames<\/a> (fig. 38) qui est construite de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 sembler \u00abcarr\u00e9e\u00bb depuis un point de vue unique et qui fausse le rapport d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle entre les personnages et la pi\u00e8ce. Pourtant, \u00e0 mon avis et sans vouloir blesser personne, cela me para\u00eet un v\u0153ux pieux et na\u00eff de ne vouloir que la v\u00e9racit\u00e9 d&rsquo;une image ne tienne que dans la d\u00e9claration d&rsquo;intention, dans l\u2019engagement solennel du ou des cr\u00e9ateurs de l&rsquo;image, sachant que dans l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se tout est construit et tout est manipulable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 mon sens, il faut prendre l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se pour ce qu&rsquo;elle est: une affabulation. Et tenter, d\u00e8s lors, d&rsquo;introduire une certaine codification, un certain langage dans la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019images de synth\u00e8se. Voir comment rendre cr\u00e9dible l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se dans l&rsquo;intention de montrer une possible v\u00e9rit\u00e9 \u00e0 venir, une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 virtuelle comme l&rsquo;est le projet d&rsquo;architecture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Perspectives de codification<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Premi\u00e8rement, en se basant sur la photographie, plusieurs \u00e9l\u00e9ments sont \u00e0 prendre en compte. Nous en avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu deux: le flare comme indication de la source de lumi\u00e8re (par exemple le soleil) et le fil\u00e9 ou flou de mouvement comme indication des \u00e9l\u00e9ments mobiles de la sc\u00e8ne (personnages et v\u00e9hicules en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il y a aussi la profondeur de champ (fig. 39) qui permet de focaliser le regard sur une partie de la sc\u00e8ne ou d&rsquo;exclure un \u00e9l\u00e9ment en premier et\/ou arri\u00e8re plan (fig. 40).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bien \u00e9videmment il y a le d\u00e9centrement, technique typique de la photographie d&rsquo;architecture qui permet de faire que les verticales d&rsquo;un b\u00e2timent le sont aussi dans l&rsquo;image en d\u00e9calant le centre optique (fig. 41). n\u00e9anmoins cette vision est id\u00e9alis\u00e9e par rapport \u00e0 l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience de notre propre vision. Les b\u00e2timents semblent hors \u00e9chelle malgr\u00e9 la pr\u00e9sence de rep\u00e8res comme des personnages (fig. 42).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Une technique concomitante est la bascule, technique tr\u00e8s \u00e0 la mode en photographie, mais qui permet comme la profondeur de champ de concentrer le regard sur une partie de l&rsquo;image (fig. 43). En outre elle donne un effet maquette au paysage, puisque, lorsqu&rsquo;on regarde une maquette, notre \u0153il est tr\u00e8s proche de l&rsquo;objet et ne peut accommoder que sur une toute petite partie de celui-ci. C\u2019est un effet ais\u00e9ment applicable en imagerie de synth\u00e8se (fig. 44 et fig. 45).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Une technique \u00e0 prendre en compte est le panoramique par balayage qui permet de montrer l&rsquo;espace photographi\u00e9 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 360\u00b0 (fig. 46). Mais avec les courbures engendr\u00e9es et sa longueur, son usage n&rsquo;est pas facile (fig. 47). N\u00e9anmoins il est utilis\u00e9 pour construire des objets interactifs comme nous le verrons plus loin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il y a aussi une technique toute simple, c&rsquo;est de reculer le point de vue en resserrant l&rsquo;angle de vue. En photographie r\u00e9elle, les murs souvent emp\u00eachent le photographe de reculer. Pour photographier l&rsquo;espace il doit utiliser un objectif \u00e0 grand angle de champ, ce qui fait para\u00eetre l&rsquo;espace plus grand qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;est comme nous l&rsquo;avons vu et aussi d&rsquo;introduire des effets perspectifs qui ne correspondent pas \u00e0 l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience de notre vision (fig. 48). Mais en imagerie de synth\u00e8se, rien n\u2019emp\u00eache de reculer le point de vue car les murs ne sont plus un obstacle (fig. 40).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En se basant sur la photographie scientifique, pourrait \u00eatre introduit dans la photographie de synth\u00e8se un rep\u00e8re d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle (fig. 49). Bien qu&rsquo;une photographie est une perspective et que, par d\u00e9finition, on ne peut relever des dimensions aussi pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment que sur un plan, un rep\u00e8re permet au spectateur de ce faire une id\u00e9e plus juste de la grandeur d&rsquo;un b\u00e2timent. Lorsque la photographie \u00e9tait encore consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme une servante des arts, on retrouve en photographie d&rsquo;architecture des rep\u00e8res d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle (fig. 50). Par exemple une cane pos\u00e9e contre un pilier (fig. 51) ou, plus explicitement, un rep\u00e8re gradu\u00e9 sur une ruine (fig. 52), comme cela se fait d&rsquo;ailleurs en arch\u00e9ologie (fig. 53). Peut-\u00eatre aussi pourraient \u00eatre explor\u00e9s des rendus en \u00abfausses couleurs\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alors bien s\u00fbr on peut ajouter des personnages (fig. 54). C\u2019est un \u00e9l\u00e9ment courant. On retrouve m\u00eame beaucoup plus de personnages en imagerie de synth\u00e8se qu&rsquo;en photographie r\u00e9elle. Mais c&rsquo;est un \u00e9l\u00e9ment difficile \u00e0 mettre en place, d&rsquo;une part parce que souvent ils sont implant\u00e9s en post-production et leur \u00e9chelle a un rapport arbitraire avec celle de l&rsquo;architecture repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e et d&rsquo;autre part parce que les personnages peuvent accaparer le regard au d\u00e9triment de l&rsquo;architecture. Il y a la solution de les rendre fantomatiques (fig. 55), mais dans une image photor\u00e9aliste cela est parfois \u00e9trange. Les personnages sont \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9s en animation avec la difficult\u00e9 suppl\u00e9mentaire de g\u00e9rer leur temporalit\u00e9 (fig. 56, animation non disponible). Toujours est-il que la probl\u00e9matique des personnages dans la repr\u00e9sentation graphique de l&rsquo;architecture et particuli\u00e8rement dans la photographie r\u00e9elle et celle de synth\u00e8se est un vaste sujet qui d\u00e9passe tr\u00e8s largement le cadre de mon intervention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lorsqu\u2019une image perspective est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e, la difficult\u00e9 est de pouvoir la situer dans l\u2019\u0153uvre architecturale. Si on prend l&rsquo;exemple de certains jeux vid\u00e9o o\u00f9 il est n\u00e9cessaire que le joueur puisse se situer, un plan est souvent int\u00e9gr\u00e9 (fig. 57 et fig. 58). Or, dans la repr\u00e9sentation de l&rsquo;architecture il serait bienvenu qu&rsquo;apparaisse plus souvent ce type d&rsquo;indication pour permettre au spectateur de se situer dans l&rsquo;espace construit (fig. 59 et fig. 60). \u00c0 tout le moins que le nord soit indiqu\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressant issu directement de l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se est l&rsquo;occlusion ambiante (fig. 61). C\u2019est un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 qui vise \u00e0 assombrir les angles d&rsquo;une sc\u00e8ne, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire les angles form\u00e9s par les diff\u00e9rents objets d&rsquo;une sc\u00e8ne. Ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9 permet de simuler le fait qu&rsquo;une surface re\u00e7oit moins de lumi\u00e8re dans ses zones proches d&rsquo;une autre surface. Or, par ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9, la sc\u00e8ne acquiert une luminosit\u00e9 uniforme tout en r\u00e9v\u00e9lant mieux la tridimensionnalit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;espace que ne le fait un rendu au trait. Comme pour une maquette en carton ou en pl\u00e2tre, les couleurs et textures des mat\u00e9riaux sont neutralis\u00e9s pour mieux r\u00e9v\u00e9ler les relations spatiales (fig. 62).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Enfin, avec le d\u00e9veloppement des acc\u00e8s nomades \u00e0 Internet, il serait int\u00e9ressant d&rsquo;introduire plus d&rsquo;interactivit\u00e9 dans la repr\u00e9sentation graphique de l\u2019architecture, m\u00eame si l&rsquo;interactivit\u00e9 ne s&rsquo;imprime pas sur papier glac\u00e9 et que sa fabrication est plus complexe et plus ch\u00e8re. La plus simple des interaction, c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;animation avec curseur de contr\u00f4le. Par exemple la repr\u00e9sentation de la course solaire, outil basique de la projetation, peut \u00eatre visualis\u00e9e soit sur une repr\u00e9sentation non photor\u00e9aliste (fig. 63, animation non disponible), soit sur une repr\u00e9sentation photor\u00e9aliste (fig. 64, animation non disponible). L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat est de pouvoir \u00abse promener\u00bb dans une journ\u00e9e pour comprendre \u00abl<a title=\"vers une architecture de le corbusier chez amazon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/dp\/2081217449?tag=marcol-21&amp;camp=1414&amp;creative=6410&amp;linkCode=as1&amp;creativeASIN=2081217449&amp;adid=1M5SX1K76EQEKTTT7MCF&amp;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">e jeu savant, correct et magnifique des volumes assembl\u00e9s sous la lumi\u00e8re<\/a>\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En parlant de promenade, avec des images panoramiques il est possible de construire des objets interactifs qui ne demande pas une technologie sophistiqu\u00e9e comme pourrait le demander une immersion virtuelle. Il s&rsquo;agit du <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/QuickTime_VR\">QTVR<\/a>, acronyme de QuickTime Virtual Reality. C&rsquo;est une technologie qui a une quinzaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es et qui n&rsquo;est pas toujours facile \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre, mais qui, \u00e0 mon avis, reste d&rsquo;actualit\u00e9 pour la repr\u00e9sentation graphique de l&rsquo;architecture (fig. 65, animation non disponible). Bien s\u00fbr on peut aussi avoir ces promenades sur la base d&rsquo;une vid\u00e9o \u00e0 360\u00b0 compos\u00e9e d&rsquo;une succession de panoramas sph\u00e9riques. Celle-ci est simplement un test de yellow Bird (fig. 66, animation plus disponible), une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 n\u00e9erlandaise qui applique le concept du QTVR \u00e0 la vid\u00e9o r\u00e9elle (fig. 67, animation plus disponible).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Voil\u00e0, je vous ai pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 ma vision de la photographie de synth\u00e8se appliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 la repr\u00e9sentation graphique de l&rsquo;architecture et de son potentiel en termes de communication. Je vous remercie de votre attention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Imagina, Monaco, 1er f\u00e9vrier 2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee;color:#eeeeee\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En quoi, dans le domaine de la repr\u00e9sentation graphique de l&rsquo;architecture, l&rsquo;imagerie de synth\u00e8se est en fait de la photographie dans l&rsquo;espace num\u00e9rique?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":871,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,4,3],"tags":[34,59,28,21,12,58,20],"class_list":["post-880","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-espace","category-image","category-texte","tag-architecture","tag-conference","tag-esthetique","tag-philosophie","tag-photographie","tag-publication","tag-theorie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/880","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=880"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/880\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2313,"href":"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/880\/revisions\/2313"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/871"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=880"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=880"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zhongart.com\/marcol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=880"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}